2009年1月22日星期四

Ribbon microphone

A ribbon microphone is a type of dynamic microphone that uses a thin aluminum, duraluminum or nanofilm ribbon placed between the poles of a magnet to generate voltages by electromagnetic induction. Ribbon microphones are typically bidirectional, meaning they pick up sounds equally well from either side of the microphone.

Principle of operation
In the dynamic microphone, the diaphragm is attached to a light movable coil that generates a voltage as it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet. In ribbon microphones, a current is induced at right angles to both the ribbon velocity and magnetic field direction. As the sound wave causes the ribbon to move, the induced current in the ribbon is proportional to the particle velocity in the sound wave. The voltage output of older ribbon microphones is typically quite low compared to a dynamic moving coil microphone and a step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage output and increase the output impedance. Modern ribbon microphones do not suffer from this problem due to improved magnets and more efficient transformers, and have output levels that can exceed typical stage dynamic microphones.

Ribbon microphones were once delicate, and expensive, but modern materials make certain present-day ribbon microphones very durable and may be used for loud rock music and stage use. They are prized for their ability to capture high-frequency detail, comparing very favorably with condenser microphones, which can often sound subjectively "aggressive" or "brittle" in the high end of the frequency spectrum. Due to their bidirectional pickup pattern, ribbon microphones are often used in pairs to produce the Blumlein Pair recording array. In addition to the standard bidirectional pickup pattern, ribbon microphones can also be configured to have cardioid, hypercardioid, omnidirectional, and variable polar patterns.

As many mixers are equipped with phantom power in order to enable the use of condenser microphones, care should be taken when using condenser and ribbon microphones at the same time. If the ribbon microphone is improperly wired, which is not unheard of with older microphones, this capacity can damage some ribbon elements, but improvements in designs and materials have made those concerns largely a thing of the past.

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Buell Motorcycle Company


The Buell Motorcycle Company is an American motorcycle manufacturer based in East Troy, Wisconsin and founded by ex-Harley-Davidson engineer Erik Buell. The company first partnered with Harley-Davidson in 1993, and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Harley by 2003.

History
The first Buell motorcycle, the RW750, was built in 1983 purely for competing in the AMA Formula 1 motorcycle road racing championship. At that time, Erik Buell was a top contending privateer motorcycle racer. After completion of the first two RW750 racing machines, one of which was sold to another racing team, the Formula 1 series was cancelled. Buell then turned his focus towards racing-inspired, street-going machines utilizing engines manufactured by Harley. In 1993,Harley-Davidson Incorporated joined in partnership with Buell Motor Company as a 49% stakeholding minority partner and the company formed was renamed "Buell Motorcycle Company". In 1998 Harley purchased majority control of Buell, and it has been a subsidiary ever since. Since then, Buell has utilized modified Harley-Davidson Sportster engines to power their motorcycles.

Most Buell motorcycles use four-stroke air-cooled V-twin engines, originally built from XR1000 Sportster engines. After these were depleted, a basic 1200 Sportster engine was used. In 1995, the engines were upgraded with Buell engineered high performance parts, and further upgraded in 1998.


Modern Technology
In 2003, Buell introduced an engine so efficient it passes emissions test requirements through 2008.[citation needed] It does this without the need for catalytic converters, or air injection, as is typical on other modern motorcycles.[citation needed] The new line of Buell XB models also incorporated the industry's first ever Zero Torsional Load (ZTL) perimeter floating front disc brake system, an "inside-out" wheel/brake design that puts the brake disc on the outer edge of the wheel, rather than at the hub. This design allows the elimination of significant mass from the front wheel, reducing unsprung weight, and enhances the abilities of the front suspension. Other industry innovations introduced by Buell in the XB lineup were the "fuel in frame technology", and the dual use of the swingarm as an oil tank. Also, all Buell models feature a unique, dual-purpose, muffler mounted below the engine which helps keep mass centralized and maximizes torque through the use of a computer-controlled valve to switch between two exhaust paths as necessary.

Buell designs focus on providing good handling, comfortable riding, easy maintenance, and street-friendly real-world performance. Buell motorcycles are engineered with an emphasis on what they call the "Trilogy of Tech": mass centralization, low unsprung weight, and frame rigidity.

Buell engines are designed to be street-friendly both in fuel efficiency (up to 70 M.P.G. with the Blast), and in power (the 1203cc version produces over 100HP). They are also simple and easy to maintain. Buell two-cylinder engines utilize computer controlled ducted forced air cooling (no radiator or liquid coolant, just a variable speed fan that only activates as required), two valves per cylinder, a single throttle body, zero maintenance hydraulic valve actuation, and zero maintenance gear-driven cams.

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Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School


Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School (French: École secondaire Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau, commonly known as PETHS, PET, or Trudeau) is a public, bilingual English and French-immersion secondary school in Markham, Ontario. It was named in honour of the 15th Prime Minister of Canada, the Right Honourable Pierre Elliott Trudeau.

As part of the York Region District School Board, Trudeau primarily serves students who reside in northern Unionville, which include the communities of Cachet, Angus Glen, and Berczy Village. Trudeau also serves students in the French-immersion program who reside in the communities of Stouffville and most of the Town of Markham.

The colours of Trudeau are based on the four colours found on the native medicine wheel: white, yellow, red and black. The students of Trudeau are collectively known as the Trudeau Trailblazers. The name trailblazers is an homage to Pierre Elliott Trudeau himself and his "trailblazing" attitude in Canadian and global politics. Trudeau's athletic mascot is known as The Blazer.

Strive Higher, Soar Further is the school's motto which is featured on the school's crest. The crest, titled The Spark, features a stylized abstract representation of energy and creativity.

On March 30, 2008, Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School was ranked no. 5 by the Fraser Institute in the 2008 Ontario Secondary School Report Card. PETHS achieved a score of 9.8/10 while the top 4 schools tied with a score of 10/10. The school has the highest ranking among all public schools in Ontario.

History
Initially called the "Unnamed Secondary School in North Markham", construction of Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School began in the summer of 2001. It was built in the Berczy Village community on Bur Oak Avenue, just east of Kennedy Road and south of Major Mackenzie Drive. It was officially opened in the fall of 2002 to students in Grades 9 and 10, most of which were transferred from nearby Markville Secondary School. The school's first principal and vice-principal were Cheryl Dubeau and Debra Conrad-Knight, respectively. Its current principal is Linda Balaishis, with Virginia Bregg and Joe Mancuso being the Vice Principals.

Growth
Trudeau boasted an enrollment of approximately 500 students and had about 50 staff members in its inaugural year. In the subsequent school year, 2003–2004, Trudeau's enrollment grew to over 730 with the addition of Grade 11. Its staff members grew to over 60.

In its third functioning year, 2004–2005, Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School grew to over 1000 students in Grades 9 to 12, and had over 100 staff members. Robert Hart became an additional vice-principal at Trudeau. This school year also saw Trudeau's first graduating class in the spring.

Having originally been destined to become an IB school, PETHS is currently trying to enhance its AP program to cover Sciences, Maths and French in addition to its English program. PETHS has demonstrated an extremely academic student body which has led them to win numerous awards and scholarships.

School Events
Battle of the Bands This music event was created for Trudeau student-made bands and the Invitational Battle of the Bands (iBob) was created for student bands from other high schools across the area. They are both hosted at Trudeau and organized by Trudeau's Music Council. Bands compete for prizes, which often includes free recording time at a local studio.
Blazers' Bash This is Trudeau's annual spirit day which is held around May and is organized by the Student Activities Council (SAC). It is an outdoor event with a "carnival" atmosphere involving inflatable attractions, food and beverage, as well as the famous dunk tank where students have the opportunity to dunk voluntary teachers or students in a tank of water. Student Council is currently investigating replacing the event with another for the 2007-2008 school year due to low attendance.
Cabaret The school's annual talent show, where students and staff alike are able to showcase their many talents. The event is organized by the Trudeau Theatrics Society and is held around early December.
Dances Every year in mid November a Dance is held, and a second dance usually occurs in April.
Drama Mosaics A showcase of drama productions performed by the drama classes usually at the end of every semester.
Movie Night In November 2007 a movie night was held at the school with the movie "Transformers" being the feature presentation.
Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Birthday A celebration of Trudeau's birthday, celebrated on 18 October. Festivities include cake-eating, a dragon dance, and planting of a rosebush in front of the school as well as trivia on the Life of Trudeau.
Sears Ontario Drama Festival An annual theatrical showcase event in which several schools across Ontario compete in. Trudeau has a reputation for hosting the district showcase and has had great success at the festival, advancing to the Regional Showcase at Hart House theater at the University of Toronto five times in the past six competitions.
The Great Theatre of the World (2003)
The Calendar Effect (2004)
The Arabian Nights (2005)
Dragon of the Winds (2006)
Stories Gone Wilde (2007)
Congo (2008)
Spirit Day Fridays Spirit Day activities are planned at the end of the week. In addition every year Spirit Week happens the week before March Break. The 2008 themes were Beach Day, Superhero Day, Toga Day and Trudeau in the Future day, where students dressed up in their future profession's attire.
Trudeaumania This would be the school's annual spirit day for Grade 9 students held by the Student Council, where they head to Green Acres to participate in several events rallying on teamwork, initiative and participation.
Winter and Spring Music Nights A showcase of musical performances from the school's many musical bands, orchestra, ensembles, and classes. Music Nights' musicians perform just before the Christmas holidays and once in mid-spring.

Feeder Schools
The following elementary schools are part of Trudeau's family of schools:

Ashton Meadows Public School
Castlemore Public School
Stonebridge Public School
The following elementary schools are part of Trudeau's French-immersion family of schools:

Franklin Street Public School
Glad Park Public School (Stouffville)

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Explosively pumped flux compression generator


An explosively pumped flux compression generator (EPFCG) is a device used to generate a high-power electromagnetic pulse by compressing magnetic flux using high explosive.

An EPFCG can be used only once as a pulsed power supply since the device is physically destroyed during operation. An EPFCG package that could be easily carried by a person can produce pulses in the millions of amperes and tens of terawatts, exceeding the power of a lightning strike by orders of magnitude.[citation needed] They require a starting current pulse to operate, usually supplied by capacitors.

Explosively pumped flux compression generators are popular as power sources for electronic warfare devices known as transient electromagnetic devices that generate an electromagnetic pulse without the costs and side effects of a nuclear weapon. They also can be used to accelerate objects to extreme velocities, and compress objects to very high pressures and densities; this gives them a role as a physics research tool.

The first work on these generators was conducted by the VNIIEF centre for nuclear research in Sarov at the beginning of the 1950s, and then, independently, by Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States.

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Energy technology


Energy technology is an interdisciplinary engineering science having to do with the efficient, safe, environmentally friendly and economical extraction, conversion, transportation, storage and use of energy, targeted towards yielding high efficiency whilst skirting side effects on humans, nature and the environment.

For people, energy is an overwhelming need and as a scarce resource it has been an underlying cause of political conflicts and wars. The gathering and use of energy resources can be harmful to local ecosystems and may have global outcomes.


Interdisciplinary fields
As an interdisciplinary science Energy technology is linked with many interdisciplinary fields in sundry, overlapping ways.

Physics, for thermodynamics and nuclear physics
Chemistry for fuel, combustion, air pollution, flue gas, battery technology and fuel cells.
Electrical engineering
Engineering, often for fluid energy machines such as combustion engines, turbines, pumps and compressors.
Geography, for geothermal energy and exploration for resources.
Mining, for petrochemical and fossil fuels.
Agriculture and forestry, for sources of renewable energy.
Meteorology for wind and solar energy.
Water and Waterways, for hydropower.
Waste management, for environmental impact.
Transportation, for energy-saving transportation systems.
Environmental studies, for studying the effect of energy use and production on the environment, nature and climate change.

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John Stephenson (actor)

John Stephenson (born August 9, 1923) is an American voice actor. He has also been credited as "John Stevenson." He was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

Career
Early guest starring roles
He started his career acting in numerous television shows in the 1950s and into the 1970s, usually in small guest star roles on such shows as:

Bonanza in one episode as John Henry in the episode "The sisters" (12 December 1959).
Perry Mason in three episodes; as Ed Davenport in "The Case of the Runaway Corpse" (23 November 1957), as Grant Reynolds in "The Case of the Borrowed Brunette" (10 January 1959), and as Frank Avery in "The Case of the Gallant Grafter" (6 February 1960.
The Beverly Hillbillies, in three episodes; as Mr Landman in "Jed Pays His Income Tax" (3 April 1963), and as Professor Robet Graham in "Cabin in Beverly Hills" (27 May 1964) and in "Jed Foils a Home Wrecker" (3 June 1964).
Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., in two episodes; Major Stone in "They Shall Not Pass" (4 December 1964) and as Mr. Clark in "Sue The Pants Off 'Em" (1 February 1967).
Hogan's Heroes as Captain Muller in "Go Light on the Heavy Water" (12 November 1965, Professor Bauer in "The Dropouts" (27 December 1970), Major Rudel in "The Softer They Fall" (23 January 1970), Decker in "Bad Day in Berlin" (7 December 1968), Karl in "The Collector General" (9 March 1968), Felix in "One in Every Crowd" (11 November 1967), Major Kohler in "Information Please" (23 December 1966) and as an Inspector General in "Colonel Klink's Secret Weapon" (24 March 1967).

Voiceover work
He did many voice overs for commercials of the era, including spots for Peter Pan Peanut Butter featuring character actor Jesse White. For several decades, Stephenson worked for Hanna-Barbera Productions, providing supporting voices for many of its 1960s and 1970s animated television series, including Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Top Cat, Scooby-Doo, The Jetsons, Jonny Questand Luke and Blubber Bear in the Wacky Races among many others. Stephenson's most notable role for Hanna-Barbera was as the voice of Mr. Slate, Fred Flintstone's hard-edged boss at Slate Rock and gravel Company, from the original The Flintstones series up through to the present. He also did Help! It's the Hair Bear Bunch! and Inch-High, Private Eye.

Stephenson was most often called upon to voice curmudgeon and irascible characters. His range was limited but served him well in the roles he brought to prominence. In total, Stephenson had about five or six 'voices' he would apply to characters. There is his most-used voice, which he gave to Mr. Slate on The Flintstones series. Another character given that same vocal delivery was Chief Wiggins on the series Dynomutt, Dog Wonder, Sheriff Bagley on Clue Club, and countless others. Another voice Stephenson liked to use was the high nasal Joe Flynn inspired voice. This voice was usually given to the characters that were either rude, or smart-alecks, or flat out mean. Also, these characters were prone to short tempers and two characters voiced by Stephenson spring to mind Mr. Peevly from Help! It's the Hair Bear Bunch! and Schnooker from the litte seen series Inspector Mumbly which aired as part of the Tom and Jerry, Grape Ape, and Mumbly series. Stephenson was cast most often in the Scooby-Doo cartoons as the villains or the red herring scientist. In "High Rise Hair Raiser", one episode of Scooby-Doo, Stephenson was the voices of Red Sparks, Mr. Daugherty, Mr. Speck, and the villain of that episode, The Specter. Still, another voice Stephenson was noted for, was his take on Boris Karloff. A lot of the Karloff-sounding villains in early episodes of Scooby-Doo were provided by Stephenson.

Although not noted as a mimic, Stephenson has borrowed the vocal traits of Joe Flynn for several characters as mentioned earlier, Boris Karloff for several more, and did a pretty good Jimmy Durante for the 1970s and 1980s version of Doggie Daddy. Also, if needed, Stephenson has been known to do a take-off on Paul Lynde as heard on the 1977 series Scooby's All-Star Laff-a-Lympics as the character Mildew Wolf. Originally, Paul Lynde voiced the character as part of a segment shown on a series called Cattanooga Cats but was not interested in reprising the role on Laff-a-Lympics. Stephenson also gave voice to the re-designed Dick Dastardly character on that series whose name was Dread Baron. A further Stephenson voice was used for the magician The Great Fondoo, inspired perhaps by Bela Lugosi.

Stephenson reprised his role of Luke from Wacky Races in the Wacky Races video game.

1980s
During the 1980s, he contributed to notable cartoons of the period such as The Smurfs, Galaxy High and G.I. Joe. John also voiced Huffer, Windcharger, Thundercracker, and Alpha Trion from the 1980s mega-hit The Transformers and took over the role of Kup for the show's third season (the character was voiced by Lionel Stander in Transformers: The Movie).


Dragnet
Stephenson is perhaps best known, however, as the narrator in the classic television series Dragnet (1967–1970), recapping the fate of the perpetrators at the end of every episode. (The opening narration at this time was performed by George Fenneman.)


Accountemps
Stephenson, using his "Mr. Slate voice," currently provides the voice of Mr. Fernwell in a series of Accountemps radio ads.

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Alpa


Alpa was formerly a Swiss camera design company and manufacturer of 35 mm cameras. The current owners bought the company name after bankruptcy of the original company and the company exists today as a designer and manufacturer of high end medium format cameras.

Alpa was an offshoot of the Pignons company, which made a particular part for Swiss watches. They made high end, all metal 35mm cameras with a similar high end but smaller volume market to Germany's Leica, Contax, and Rolleiflex. In true Swiss fashion, each camera was individually crafted. Thus, production was low, but quality was high. It is estimated that as few as 40,000 cameras of all models of Alpa were made during the company's 40 year history. Allowing for certain gaps, the serial numbers would support that, as the last cameras made (in about 1990) carried serial numbers of only 64,xxx.

There is the on-going question of which camera company was first with such innovations as the quick return mirror, through the lens metering, and the bayonet lens mount. Alpa was a contender for being first with each of these innovations and several others.

Unfortunately, Alpa didn't have the resources to keep up with the technological advances that the main stream camera companies were introducing in the 1970s and sales began to decline.

There is argument about whether the lack of technological "innovation" was due to lack of money, or actually a choice made by the company about whether the automation brought about by other companies was desirable.

A more popularly priced "Alpa" camera made in Japan by Chinon was introduced. It used M42 screw mount lenses, but it didn't sell very well in part because the premium Alpa lenses couldn't be used on it. (The Si2000 used the M42 Screw mount, the Si3000 used the Pentax K bayonet mount). Neither model was popular and they aren't considered true Alpas by collectors.

Some feel the Japanese Alpa was a mistake that hurt the company.

The Kern Macro Switar lens was a 50 mm lens at F1.8 or F1.9. It was an apochromat, and is still highly regarded as possibly the best standard lens ever offered. Other apochromats offered by Alpa included the 100 mm F2 and 150 mm F2.8 Kinoptik lenses.


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Boomerang (Australian TV channel)

Boomerang is a cable and satellite television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting, a unit of Time Warner and it's main flagship channel of Cartoon Network. The Australian version of Boomerang was launched in March, 2004 as part of the Foxtel Digital launch, with a lineup very similar to that of the US and UK version.


Boomerang Looks
1st look
The bumpers were the characters as children's toys. These bumpers are used on Boomerang in the United States. The bumpers were used from launch to February 2005. During this time, Boomerang's programming (which consisted entirely of pre-1980's Hanna Barbera Animation) followed a looping format whereby 8 hours of cartoons were shown everyday between the hours of 12am and 8am, repeated between the hours of 8am and 4pm, and repeated once more between the hours of 4pm and 12am. The looping format was scrapped in February 2005.

2nd look
In February 2005, Boomerang's bumpers for the first time had an Australian voiceover, in addition to new Show-Specific We'll Be Back/Back to the Show bumpers. The previously used Station IDs with the toys were retained, although they were edited to include the Australian voiceover. Between November 2006 and June 2007, Boomerang gradually phased out numerous 60's and 70's Hanna Barbera cartoons, that were replaced with Cartoon Network original series (otherwise known as Cartoon Cartoons) which made up roughly half of Boomerang's lineup at the time.


3rd look
In November 2007, Boomerang relaunched as "the home of greatest toons of all time", as is mentioned in one of their current promotional bumpers. The logo, bumpers and voiceovers changed, as did much of the programming. Several Cartoon Cartoons were axed, if not airing in the wee hours of the night. Since November 2007, at least one new programme has been added to Boomerang's lineup each month, including toddler's programmes, anime series, and live action shows. Some 60's and 70's Hanna-Barbera cartoons have also returned for brief periods, airing most prominently on Boom,Boom,Boom and The Big Bucket.

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Pavel Yablochkov


Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov (also mistransliterated as Jablochkoff) (Павел Николаевич Яблочков in Russian) ((September 14 [O.S. September 2] 1847 – March 31 [O.S. March 19] 1894) was a Russian electrical engineer, the inventor of the Yablochkov candle (a type of electric carbon arc lamp) and businessman.

In 1866, he graduated from Mykolayiv Engineering Institute as a military engineer, and then in 1869, from Technical Galvanic School in Saint Petersburg. After serving in the army, Yablochkov retired to Moscow in 1873, where he was appointed Head of Telegraph Office at the Moscow-Kursk railroad. He opened up a workshop for his experiments in electrical engineering, which laid down the foundations for his future inventions in the field of electric lighting, electric machines, galvanic cells and accumulators.

Yablochkov’s major invention was the first model of an arc lamp that eliminated the mechanical complexity of competing lights that required a regulator to manage the voltaic arc. He went to Paris the same year where he built an industrial sample of the "electric candle" (French patent № 112024, 1876). It was in Paris that he developed his arc light idea into a complete system of electric lighting powered by Zénobe Gramme direct current dynamos fitted with an inverter to supply single-phase alternating current. The first public use of the Yablochkov system was in October 1877 at Halle Marengo of the Magasins du Louvre which was lit by 6 arc lights. By 1880, the system had grown in size to 120 lamps with 84 lit at a time powered by and had been operating every night for two and one half years.

The Paris Exposition of 1878 presented Yablochkov with the unique opportunity to make a spectacular demonstration for a world audience, and through the promotional efforts of Gramme was successful in having 64 of his arc lights installed along the half mile length of Avenue de l'Opera, Place du Theatre Francais and around the Place de l'Opera. It was first lit in February 1878.. Yablochkov candles required high voltage, and it was not long before experimenters reported that the arc lights could be powered on a 7 mile circuit. Yablochkov candles were superior to Lontin-Serrin regulator arc lights that each required a separate Gramme generator. Beginning in 1880, the Paris Hippodrome's 20 Serrin lights powered by 20 generators were replaced by 68 additional Yablochkov candles, based on 2 years of positive experience with 60 candles powered by just 3 generators. The impact of the 1878 Paris demonstration was a depression in the value of gas company shares which did not recover until 1880. French, English, and American businessmen quickly set up companies licensing Yablochkov's patents.


As part of his arc lighting patents, Yablochkov described a method of employing Michael Faraday's discover of induction to create a continuous current of higher voltage, where primary windings were connected to a source of alternating current and secondary windings could be connected to several electric "candles". Although it was not recognized at the time, Yablochkov's idea of using transformers to provide different voltages from the same AC line was the model that modern transmission and distribution systems would settle on. As the patent said such a system "allowed to provide separate supply to several lighting fixtures with different luminous intensities from a single source of electric power". In 1879, Yablochkov established “Electric Lighting Company, P.N. Yablochkov the Inventor and Co” and an electrical plant in Petersburg that would later produce illuminators for military vessels and factories. There was considerable international competition to his arc lights. His lasted only one and a half hours wheras those of Charles F. Brush lasted twice as long.

From the mid-1880s, Yablochkov mostly occupied himself with problems of generating electric energy. He constructed the so called “magnet dynamo electric machine”, which had most of the features of the modern inductor. Yablochkov did extensive research on transformation of fuel energy into electric energy, suggested a galvanic cell with alkaline electrolyte, and created a regenerative cell (the so called autoaccumulator).

Yablochkov participated in Electrical engineering exhibitions in Russia (1880 and 1882), Paris (1881 and 1889), and First International Congress of Electricians (1881). In 1947, the USSR introduced the Yablochkov Award for the best work in the field of electrical engineering.

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Jonah Hill


Jonah Hill (born December 20, 1983) is an American actor and screenwriter. Hill has had a successful career as an actor in comedic films, appearing in roles in the films Accepted, Grandma's Boy, Knocked Up, Superbad, Walk Hard, Strange Wilderness, and Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

Biography
Early life
Hill was born Jonah Hill Feldstein in Los Angeles, California and attended Brentwood School and then Crossroads School in Santa Monica. After graduating from high school, Hill left California to attend school at New School University, where he studied acting. He also attended the University of Colorado at Boulder for one semester as a freshman after having left New School University. Hill's brother Jordan is the manager for the bands Maroon 5, Staind, Lytle High Polka Possey, Big City Rock, and Collective Soul.

Acting career
In college, Hill began writing his own plays and performing them in the Black and White bar in the East Village neighborhood of New York City. His plays developed a small following and helped him realize that his true desire was to act in films. Hill befriended Dustin Hoffman's children, Rebecca and Jake, who introduced him to their father. The elder Hoffman asked him to audition for a role in I Heart Huckabees, in which Hill made his film debut. Hill made a brief appearance in Judd Apatow's directorial debut The 40-Year-Old Virgin, which eventually led to him starring in a larger supporting role in the Apatow-produced Knocked Up and the lead role in the Apatow-produced Superbad. Hill also played the RA Guy on the first season of the Oxygen Network sitcom Campus Ladies.

Hill hosted Saturday Night Live with musical guest Mariah Carey on March 15, 2008. Originally, he was scheduled to host on November 17, 2007 with musical guest Kid Rock, but the episode was cancelled due to the Writers Guild of America strike that lasted from November 5, 2007 to February 12, 2008.

Hill was in negotiations for a part in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, but opted out. He is currently filming Judd Apatow's third directorial feature entitled Funny People which also stars Adam Sandler and Seth Rogen.


Screenwriting career
Hill had wanted to be a writer since he was young, dreaming of someday joining the writing teams of The Simpsons, Saturday Night Live, and The Larry Sanders Show. is currently writing two screenplays, both of which are scheduled to be produced by Judd Apatow, producer of Superbad. One of the films, The Middle Child, would star Hill as a young man who returns from college to find that his parents gave a child up for adoption before he was born. The role of Hill's older brother was written with frequent collaborator Seth Rogen in mind.

Hill is also writing Pure Imagination, a comedy for Sony about a man who develops an imaginary friend after a traumatic experience. Filming is expected to begin in 2008 and the film will be directed by Phil Collins. At one point, he was also writing a screenplay with close friend and Huckabees co-star Jason Schwartzman.


Personal life
Hill rarely discusses his private life. He lives in California, but often travels to promote his films, and he has said on talk shows that he would prefer to live in New York City but feels L.A. has more opportunities for an acting and writing career. Despite the opportunities he is looking for, he stated that Hollywood is not a perfect place for him due to the stress.

Hill has stated that he likes to spend time with his friends and family, notably former roommate and Accepted co-star Justin Long.

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Antique radio


An antique radio is a radio receiving set that is collectible because of its age and uniqueness. Although collectors may differ on the cutoff dates, most would use 50 years old, or the pre-World War II Era, for vacuum tube sets and the first five years of transistor sets.

Types of antique radio
Morse only sets
The first radio receivers used a coherer and sounding board, and were only able to receive morse code, and thump it out on the board. This type of transmission is called CW (Continuous wave) or wireless telegraphy. When wireless telephony (ie transmission & reception of speech) became possible, speech radio greatly improved the usability of radio communication. Despite this, the antiquated technology of morse code transmission continued to play an essential role in radio comms until the 1990s.

All other sections of this article concern speech capable radio, or wireless telephony.

Early home made sets
The idea of radio as entertainment took off in 1920, and radio ownership steadily gained in popularity as the years passed. Radio sets from before 1920 are rarities.

Pre-war sets were usually made on wooden breadboards, in small cupboard style cabinets, or sometimes on an open sheet metal chassis. Homemade sets remained a strong sector of radio production until after the war. Until then there were more homemade sets in use than commercial sets.

Early sets used any of the following technologies:

Crystal set
Crystal set with carbon or mechanical amplifier
Basic TRF
TRF Reaction Sets
Super-Regenerative Receiver
Superhet

Crystal sets
These basic radios used no battery, had no amplification and could only operate headphones. They would only receive very strong signals from a local station. They were popular among the less wealthy due to their low build cost and zero run cost. Crystal sets had minimal ability to separate stations, and where more than one high power station was present, inability to receive one without the other was a common problem.

Some crystal sets users added a carbon amplifier or a mechanical turntable amplifier to give enough output to operate a speaker. Some even used a flame amplifier.


TRF
TRF sets (Tuned Radio Frequency) are the most popular class of early radio. These used one or more valves (tubes) to provide amplification. Early TRF sets only operated headphones, but by the 1930s it was more common to use additional amplification to power a loudspeaker, despite the expense.

The types of speakers in use at the time were crude by today's standards, and the sound quality produced from the speakers used on such sets is sometimes described as torturous. Speakers widely used on TRF sets included:

moving iron horn speakers
moving iron cone speakers
tin can, magnet & wire based speakers
in a few cases a moving coil speaker
The above are not altogether clear distinct categories, with significant overlap, nor a complete list, but represent the technologies in popular use.

Earliest TRF sets used no regeneration, and had very poor rf sensitivity and low selectivity. Thus only nearby stations and strong distant stations would be received, and separating different stations was not always possible.

Most TRF sets were reaction sets, aka regenerative receivers. These rely on positive feedback to achieve adequate gain. This approach worked well enough, but is inherently unstable, and was prone to various problems. Consequently there was a significant amount of hostility over maladjusted radios transmitting squealing noises and blocking reception on nearby properties.

TRF sets had typically 2 tuning knobs and a reaction adjustment, all of which had to be set correctly to receive a station. Earlier reaction sets also had filament adjustment rheostats for each valve, and again settings had to be right to achieve reception.


Superhets
In this era of early radio, only the wealthy could afford to build a superhet. Such sets required many valves and numerous components, and building one was a sizeable project.

Pre-war superhets were often used with the relatively expensive moving coil speakers, which offer a quality of sound unavailable from moving iron speakers.

Most post-war commercial radios were superhets, and this technology is still in widespread use in consumer radios today, albeit implemented with transistors and integrated circuits.

The advantages of superhets are:

Excellent sensitivity, enabling reception of foreign broadcasts
Complete stability
Well controlled bandwidth
Well shaped rf passband avoids the uncontrolled tone variations of TRF sets, and gives good selectivity

The downsides for pre-war superhets were:

Very high build cost
High run cost due to many valves and the need for large high power batteries
Construction was a sizeable project

Foxhole radios
World War 2 created widespread urgent need for radio communication, and foxhole sets were built by people without access to traditional radio parts. A foxhole radio is an illegally constructed set from whatever parts one could make, which were very few indeed. Such a set typically used lighting flex for an aerial, a razor blade for a detector, and a tin can, magnet and some wire for an earpiece. I.e. they were crude crystal sets.

Wooden consoles
The console radio was the center piece of every house back in the era of radio, they were big and expensive running up to $700 back in the late 1930s. Mostly for the wealthy, these radios were placed in hallways and living rooms. Most console radios were waist high and not very wide, as the years went on they got shorter and wider. Most consumer console radios were made by RCA, Philco, General Electric, Montgomery Ward (under the Airline brand name), Sears (under the Silvertone brand name), Westinghouse, radio-bar and many more. Brands such as Zenith, Scott, Atwater-Kent, were mainly for the rich as their prices ran into the $500-$800 range in the 1930s and 1940s.

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Rainn Wilson


Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an Emmy-nominated and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor. He is known for his roles as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American television comedy The Office, the leading role in the 2008 comedy The Rocker, and assistant mortician Arthur Martin in HBO's Six Feet Under.

Biography
Early life
Wilson was born in Woodinville, Washington, the son of Shay Cooper, a yoga teacher and actress, and Robert G. Wilson, a novel writer and business consultant. He attended Kellogg Middle School and Shorecrest High School in Shoreline, Washington. He transferred to and graduated from New Trier High School after his family moved to Wilmette, Illinois to serve at the Bahá'í National Center. Wilson has a theatre background from Tufts University and the University of Washington, and has taught acting classes. He holds an MFA from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and was a member of The Acting Company. While acting in theatrical productions in New York, he drove a moving van to make ends meet.


Career
In addition to his starring role on The Office, Wilson has appeared as the eccentric Arthur Martin, the intern at Fisher & Diaz Funeral Home on HBO's Six Feet Under. He has also appeared in Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, CSI, NUMB3RS, and Entourage, in the latter portraying a sleazy entertainment journalist based on Harry Knowles[citation needed] of Ain't It Cool News. Wilson guest-starred as a murderous baseball fan in an episode of Monk entitled "Mr. Monk Goes to the Ballgame". He also appeared in the "Coyote Piper" episode of Charmed as an alchemist named Kierkan. On February 24, 2007, Wilson hosted Saturday Night Live, becoming the second cast member from The Office to host (after Steve Carell). During the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, Wilson appeared in ads for the 2007 United States women's national soccer team as public relations manager "Jim Mike". Wilson has made a guest appearance in two episodes of the Cartoon Network's Adult Swim-bloc series Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job.

His film credits include Almost Famous, America's Sweethearts, BAADASSSSS!, Galaxy Quest, House of 1000 Corpses, Sahara, The Last Mimzy, Juno (in which he played convenience store clerk Rollo), and My Super Ex-Girlfriend.

Wilson stars in the Fox Atomic comedy The Rocker, released on August 20, 2008. Announced films include Bonzai Shadowhands, which he co-wrote and co-produced; Renaissance Men, which he wrote and is co-producing;[citation needed] the DreamWorks Animation film Monsters vs. Aliens, for which voices the villainous alien overlord Gallaxhar;[citation needed] and the upcoming Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, in which he plays a university professor.
Wilson writes in character as Dwight on his NBC blog, "Schrute-Space". However, in June 2008, Wilson confirmed that he no longer writes the "Schrute-Space" blog.


Personal life
Wilson is married to author Holiday Reinhorn. They met in an acting class in college and married on the Kalama River. The couple have a son, Walter Mckenzie, born in 2004, and they currently reside in Agoura Hills, California. He and his family are members of the Bahá'í Faith.

On Bill Maher's Real Time, Wilson described himself as a diverse independent, voting for Republican, Green Party, and Democratic candidates. Wilson's charitable works include fundraising for the educational organization The Mona Foundation.

Wilson and his father, both art collectors, buy and sell fine art and represent contemporary artists on their website, www.rrwilsonart.com.

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Alexander Allen (stylist)

Alexander Allen is a New York based Image Director/Stylist. He is one of the best known celebrity fashion stylists in the country and best known for giving rapper Eve her makeover from hip hop styles into more high-fashion, red carpet looks. He worked with publications including Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan and Teen People, as well as working in the public relations departments at DKNY before starting his own company, Transformers, in 2001. He has dressed luminaries including Beyonce, Shakira, Pink, Fantasia, Toni Braxton, Amerie, Eve, Monica, Laura Linney, Sanaa Lathan, Joe and Japanese artist Takashi Murakami. In addition to styling private clients he is also a regular style commentator for the E! Network, MTV and the blog Young, Black and Fabulous.

Alexander Allen grew up in Brooklyn, NY. He attended Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School.

After high school, Allen attended Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduation in 1998, he returned to New York.

He landed a prestigious internship at Marie Claire magazine, where he handled both the clothing and accessories market. After Marie Claire, Alexander headed to the public relations department at DKNY, where he coordinated appointments with prominent fashion editors and helped generate press for the collection. He then moved to Cosmopolitan, where he worked as a freelance fashion assistant, responsible for securing the clothing used on shoots. He built relationships with houses like Hermès, Louis Vuitton and Alessandro Dell'Acqua.

In 1999, Alexander returned to DKNY, where a public relations assistant position was created for him. After assisting styling with Aretha Franklin and Toni Braxton, he built his clientele by working on projects for magazines like Teen People and with artists like R&B singer Joe and Kelly Price.

In 2001, Alexander started his own company Transformers, Inc. He has since worked with Destiny's Child, Isaac Mizrahi, Kimora Lee Simmons, Selita Ebanks, Wendy Williams.

Allen handles head styling duties at special runway events like Designers for Darfur, a multi-designer charity fashion show.

Allen styled Takashi Murakami and his two artists, Chiho Aoshima and Mr., for the Louis Vuitton ball in 2008 at the Brooklyn Museum held in Brooklyn, NY as well as the artists’ photo shoot for the April 14, 2008 issue of The New Yorker magazine.

Allen currently resides in New York and is a frequent style commentator for the E! Network, MTV, BET, AOL and the blog Young Black and Fabulous.

Notes:
Alexander Allen was called one of Tinseltown's most influential stylists in the USA Today article, "Behind the Scenes: Hollywood's Fashion Secrets...Meet The Power Stylists."
Style critic Robert Verdi praised Alexander's work, confirming that Alexander "invented Eve."
Alexander was featured in Ebony magazine’s March 2008 issue as "Fashion Heavyweight Champion."

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Magnetic loop


Magnetic loop antennas (also known as small transmitting/receiving loops) are small compared to other antennas for the same wavelength. A magnetic loop is one in which the current amplitude is constant round the circumference, and it is therefore small enough to avoid a significant standing wave in the current distribution. Small transmitting loops are typically smaller than 1/4 wavelength in circumference at the intended frequency of operation. Since full-size antennas for shortwave communication can be very large -- sometimes several hundred meters in size -- the magnetic loop's ablility to operate with roughly comperable efficiency with much smaller size gives it some dramatic advantages, especially for mobile use and military use. Conceptually, the magnetic loop can be thought of as a high Q tank circuit having very large diameter to length ratio to facilitate the magnetic "leakage" that makes it effective as an antenna.

Analysis of the design by antenna professionals, confirmed by controlled experiments, has shown that high radiation efficiency is not always obtained, and that the main advantage of the antenna is its high-angle radiation and compact size.

Usually a capacitor is used to "enlarge" the antenna by tuning it to resonance in a parallel L-C circuit. The disadvantage of this method is the low bandwidth of the antenna (high Q) which limits efficient operation to a narrow frequency range. A high Q can also be advantageous, however, since well-tuned magnetic loops function best within a narrow frequency range, they reject noise from other sources. This reduce the noise level as compared with wider-bandwidth antennas. However, because all transmitted signals require a finite bandwidth, the high Q of magnetic loop antennas can produce problems when used for higher bandwidth applications.

As a result of the narrow operating bandwidth of the antenna, if the frequency of operation is changed, the antenna must be retuned by changing the value of the antenna's tuning capacitor. (Bandwidth is the usable frequency range of an antenna in relation to the area of desired operation and relates to the concept of Standing Wave Ratio or SWR.) When the antenna is operated outside of its bandwidth, the energy from the transmitter is reflected back from the antenna, down through the feedline, and back to the transmitter. When the reflected power exceeds about a 2.5:1 power reflection ratio (that is, when too much energy being reflected from the antenna back into the feedline) the antenna does not maintain the desired performance characteristics. This condition can affect the antenna's ability to transmit radio energy from the transmitter to the antenna.

In addition to narrow bandwidth, magnetic loops typically have very low radiation resistance, often one or two orders of magnitude less than a full size antenna such as a dipole, and only a fraction of an ohm. Efficiency thus depends on low-loss construction, typically use of thick conductors, and low loss air, mica, or vacuum dielectric capacitors.

In addition to the high currents resulting from the low radiation resistance, high voltages appear across the tuning capacitor when the loop is used for transmission; a kilowatt transmitting loop can have currents of the order of 100 Amperes and voltages at the capacitor of several tens of kV.

Magnetic loops are often fed with 50 ohm coaxial cable connected across a smaller coupling loop that is 1/5 to 1/8 the size of the antenna. This feed loop provides an impedance match to the loop's low feed resistance over the widest frequency range when it is located on the side of the antenna opposite the tuning capacitor. A less common feed system breaks the tuning capacitor into a two series capacitors with the feed across one of them.

The magnetic loop antenna is an old design which in limited use because of its low radiation efficiency and narrow bandwidth. However many military, commercial, and amateur radio operators still use them today because of the advantages conferred by its small size and easy transportability. The magnetic loop was widely used in the Vietnam war due to its high portability.

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Fred Willard


Fred Willard (born September 18, 1933) is an American comedian and actor known for his improvisational comedy skills. He is best known for his roles in the Christopher Guest mockumentary films This is Spinal Tap, Waiting for Guffman, Best in Show, and A Mighty Wind. He is also an alumnus of The Second City comedy troupe. He received three Emmy nominations for recurring role on the TV series Everybody Loves Raymond.

Biography
Career
Willard auditioned alongside Robert Klein for The Second City, which consisted of a nightclub manager and his employee. The audition helped the two secure the job. He is an alumnus of The Second City and currently heads a sketch comedy workshop, The MoHo Group. He was a founding member of the improvisational comedy group, Ace Trucking Company. Fellow members of Ace included, Bill Saluga and Patti Deutsch, among others. They appeared regularly on This is Tom Jones.

Willard achieved wider fame as Martin Mull's impossibly dense sidekick, "Jerry Hubbard," on the television shows Fernwood 2 Night, Forever Fernwood, and America 2-Night, which parodied the nighttime talk shows of the day. In 1995 Willard reunited with his Fernwood co-star playing Scott, the romantic partner of Mull's character, Leon Carp, on Roseanne. The couple married in the episode "December Bride" and Scott became a recurring character during the series' final two seasons.Willard also guest voiced in a 1999 episode of The Simpsons entitled Sunday, Cruddy Sunday as Wally Kogen, a travel agent. From 2001 to 2002, he played the father of five children on Maybe It's Me.

His most recent notable work has been in Christopher Guest films, such as A Mighty Wind, in which he played "Mike LaFontaine," a character known for his catch phrase, "Wha' happened?"; Best in Show, in which he portrayed "Buck Laughlin," a dog show announcer who offered up an unending stream of bad jokes and off-color comments; Waiting for Guffman, in which he played "Ron Albertson," a travel agent who performs in amateur stage productions with his wife; This Is Spinal Tap, in which he played a lieutenant on the military base where Spinal Tap play; and For Your Consideration, as an obnoxious entertainment television show anchor. He also appeared as KVWN news director "Ed Harken" in, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, and in American Wedding as Michelle Flaherty's father, "Harold".

Willard also had a recurring role as "Hank MacDougall" on the later seasons of CBS' Everybody Loves Raymond. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for this role in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Willard was also the host of a VH1 documentary series called Totally Obsessed about people obsessed with their hobbies. He appears as "Captain Ribmanman" in Episode 21 of Channel Frederator, a podcast from Kansas. Willard also landed a role on Family Guy as Jeff Campbell, the father of a nudist family (first appearing in" From Method to Madness"). It is unclear whether or not the role will be reprised. Willard also voices "Officer Brown" in King of the Hill.

Willard frequently appears in sketches on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, typically as a government official, businessman, or other authority figure named Willard J. Fredericks, who is always drinking. He also hosted Saturday Night Live in 1978 (musical guest: Devo) and appeared twice on SNL's rival show, MADtv. Two years prior to this, he made a minor appearance in the movie Silver Streak as a bemused railway station worker.

He was the voice of a clueless companion to a lazy robot (Martin Mull) in one episode of the series Dexter's Laboratory, and guest-starred on the Adult Swim cartoon, Tom Goes to the Mayor. He acted in the Cartoon Network movie Re-Animated and played Vala Mal Doran's "father" in an episode of Stargate SG-1 in 2007. He appeared in an episode of the Adult Swim program Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!. He has also starred as the "Boogie Man" in an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy and reprised his role in the movie, Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure. His final appearance as "Boogey" occurred in Billy & Mandy: Wrath of the Spider Queen. In 2007, he made a guest appearance on the children's TV series Come on Over. He's also guest-starred on an episode of The Boondocks providing the voice of "Joe Petto." In 2008, he guest starred on Transformers Animated as the Decepticon arms dealer Swindle.

Willard has been cast as a sportscaster in the television series Back to You, which premiered on the Fox Network on September 19, 2007. He also made an appearance in the 2007 sci-fi comedy I'll Believe You and he plays Shelby Forthright, the CEO of the "Buy-n-Large Corporation" in live-action segments in the Pixar animated film WALL-E.

Willard recently completed a sold-out run of Fred Willard: Alone At Last!, advertised as a one-man show but actually featuring a cast of 10, and received Los Angeles Artistic Director Awards for Best Comedy and Best Production. He has also completed a RiffTrax with Michael J. Nelson for the movie Missile to the Moon.

He was also seen roasting William Shatner in the Comedy Central special The Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner on August 12, 2006. Also at the roast was George Takei with whom Willard performed in the improv show Thank God You're Here.

Willard is the voice of the character "Ed Warmer" in the PlayStation Portable game Hot Brain.

In 2007, Willard took the role of "Aslo" in Epic Movie.

Willard was part of the one-night celebrity performed staging of Howard Ashman's unproduced musical "Dreamstuff". The musical was re-imagined by Howard's partners Marsha Malamet and Dennis Green and performed one night only at Los Angeles' Hayworth Theatre as part of the Bruno Kirby celebrity reading series, directed by Ugly Betty's Michael Urie. Willard starred in the show alongside Eden Espinosa, Vicki Lewis, David Blue (actor) and Luke MacFarlane.

On October 5th, 2008, he hosted the Nickelodeon Fido Awards.



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Frequency changer

A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. The device may also change the voltage, but if it does, that is incidental to its principal purpose.

Traditionally, these devices were built out of electromechanical components such as motor-generator sets or rotary converters . But with the advent of solid state electronics, it has become possible to build completely electronic frequency changers. These devices usually consist of a rectifier stage (producing direct current) which is then inverted to produce AC of the desired frequency. The inverter may use thyristors, IGCTs or IGBTs. If voltage conversion is desired, a transformer will usually be included in either the ac input or output circuitry and this transformer may also provide galvanic isolation between the input and output ac circuits. A battery may also be added to the dc circuitry to improve the converter's ride-through of brief outages in the input power.

Frequency changers vary in power-handling capability from a few watts to megawatts.

Applications
Aside from the obvious application of converting bulk amounts of power from one distribution standard to another, frequency changers are also used to control the speed and the torque of AC motors. In this application, the most typical frequency converter topology is the three-phase two-level voltage source inverter. The phase voltages are controlled using the power semiconductor switches and pulse width modulation (PWM). Semiconductor switching devices and anti-parallel connected freewheeling diodes form a bridge, which can connect each motor phase to the positive or negative dc-link potential. The PWM changes the connections of the phases between the positive and the negative dc-link potentials so that the fundamental wave voltage has the desired frequency and amplitude. The motor reacts primarily to the fundamental voltage and filters out the effects of the harmonic voltages.

Another application is in the aerospace and airline industries. Often airplanes use 400 Hz power so 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz frequency converter is needed for use in the ground power unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground.

In Renewable Energy, frequency converters are an essential component of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) as used in modern multi-megawatt class wind turbines .

Frequency changers are typically used to control the speed of pumps and fans. In many applications significant energy savings are achieved. The most demanding application areas are found on the industrial processing lines, where the control accuracy requirements can be very high.

Alternate uses
Frequency converter may also refer to a much-lower-powered circuit that converts radio frequency signals at one frequency to another frequency. The circuit usually consists of a local oscillator and frequency mixer. The same result was achieved historically by the pentagrid converter.

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